Skin cells need nutrients that can quickly penetrate through the epidermis to the dermis and beyond. This allows essential molecules, such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements, multi-peptides, and antimicrobial agents in nanometre sizes (approximately 200nm), to pass through the various layers of skin, including the epidermal, dermal, subdermal, and muscle layers. In the past, without nanotechnology, many nutrients were unable to effectively reach skin cells from external sources.